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In short: The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (Act No. 47 of 2023) is the law of evidence: what facts can be proved, how documents and electronic records are proved, burden of proof and witnesses. It came into force on 1 July 2024 and replaced the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. It has 170 sections in 12 chapters. Every section is listed in the chapter pages below with its old number and a plain-English summary.
हिंदी में: भारतीय साक्ष्य अधिनियम, 2023 1 जुलाई 2024 से लागू है। इसमें 170 धाराएँ और 12 अध्याय हैं। नीचे हर अध्याय की सभी धाराएँ पुरानी धारा संख्या के साथ दी गई हैं।
Chapters of the BSA
| Chapter | Subject | Sections |
|---|---|---|
| I | Preliminary | 1–2 |
| II | Relevancy of Facts | 3–50 |
| III | Facts Which Need Not Be Proved | 51–53 |
| IV | Oral Evidence | 54–55 |
| V | Documentary Evidence | 56–93 |
| VI | The Exclusion of Oral Evidence by Documentary Evidence | 94–103 |
| VII | The Burden of Proof | 104–120 |
| VIII | Estoppel | 121–123 |
| IX | Witnesses | 124–139 |
| X | Examination of Witnesses | 140–168 |
| XI | Improper Admission and Rejection of Evidence | 169 |
| XII | Repeal and Savings | 170 |
Most searched BSA sections
- Section 23 — confession to police (old 25 to 27) (Chapter II)
- Section 26 — dying declarations and statements of persons who cannot be called (old 32) (Chapter II)
- Section 39 — expert opinion (old 45) (Chapter II)
- Section 63 — electronic records and the certificate (old 65B) (Chapter V)
- Section 117 — presumption of abetment of suicide of a married woman (old 113A) (Chapter VII)
- Section 118 — presumption of dowry death (old 113B) (Chapter VII)
Have an old section number? Use the Evidence Act to BSA converter.
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Prepared by Adv. Mridul Jindal, Law Chambers of Mridul Jindal, Indirapuram, Ghaziabad. Last updated 11 November 2026. Summaries are in plain English for general information and are not the text of the law or legal advice; always read the official text on India Code. Disclaimer.
